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Translation Quality Assessment (TQM)
English became the universal language of science in the 20th century, most research science is written in English all over the world, including the Arab world.
At the same time, there is an increasing demand for communication of knowledge science to the public in the form of popular science magazines and television documentaries, as well as encyclopedias and books.
In Consequently, there is also a growing demand for translation of these
working on language to the reader 'common man'. It is therefore essential for translators and translation trainees to be aware of translation problems that may arise and popularizations such factors that affect the quality translations of the writings of such.
The accuracy and equivalence
TT has always been evaluated in terms of its relationship with ST, traditionally called the equivalence relation. The concept of equivalence however, has so far proven difficult to define (cf. Bassnett-McGuire, 1991; Pym 1992, Baker 1992). Among the most
influential work on equivalence in translation is Eugene Nida (1964), who distinguishes between two types of equivalence: formal and dynamic. Formal equivalence focuses on the form and as the message content while dynamic equivalence focuses on the production of an equivalent effect in the target language (TL) of readers
adapt the message to the language specifications of the TL and the target culture. In other words, when the goal is to keep as close as possible to the ST in content and form, the translator produce a formal equivalence, but when the goal is to make the TT fit the target culture conventions and TL texts read as original,
Translator would produce a dynamic equivalence.
Nida does not overlook the fact that keeping close to both the content and form of the ST is often not possible, and considers, therefore, as a rule, the content must always take precedence over form, if an effect is equivalent to achieve. Obviously, if this rule applies to poetry where form is as important as if not more important than the content, an equivalent effect can not be achieved.
The Nida importance of the work lies in its attempt to systematize methods of translation and evaluation. His concept of equivalent effect, however, is vague: equivalent effect on potential sources or readers defies scientific measurement target, and also, there are linguistic and cultural differences regarding what is considered as the equivalent effect of a ST in the TL (Munday 2001: 42).
Newmark (1981) is based on work of Nida, but even he, though he wondered whether the effect of ST could be reproduced in the TT groups, not completely abandon the concept of equivalent effect Nida. Using dynamic Nida
equivalences formal basis, we identify two types of translation as "correct" and semantic communication.
The choice between the methods of semantic and communication of Newmark seems to depend on gender, assigned to serious literature, autobiography and important than any political statements or other type of translation semantics, where the criterion is an exact reproduction of the importance of
ST. As for the non-literary and technical writing, translation communication should be applied criterion is the accurate communication of the message of ST
TL (Munday 2001: 45). To determine the levels at which the meaning of a text and its message are and accuracy of measurement in each case remains, however, subjective. The translated text (TT) can be evaluated by experts as professional translators, teachers, translators and other language, including the researcher. The evaluation parameters, which may or may not be clearly indicated in most cases used in translation courses and, therefore, referred to here as the "pedagogical approach" but did not differ considerably from the methods of professional evaluation Accreditation (ATA, 2000). There are no means to prevent the evaluator evaluates the translation when compared with ideal text that could have produced
herself, thus projecting their own standards or prejudices
in the text.
This Thus, the evaluator of experience in the topic warrants its opinion on the quality of a TT. Therefore, it provides an objective measure of quality in translation, but has been used to investigate the translation process (eg Jensen, 1999; Tirkonnen-Condit, 1986). Some authors have suggested that a comparison between analysis propositional ST and TT should provide an objective measure of quality, ie the proportion of ST propositions which are also present in the TT (Dillinger, 1989; Militão 1996; Tommola and Lindholm, 1995). Therefore, the numbers of propositional content as Tertius comparationis. This comparative analysis is in my opinion
not the path we should strive. In order to discuss a concrete
example, I re-submit the work of Militão (1996). It has
never been published and deals with the written translation, while
the others mentioned works closely with simultaneous interpretation.
Militão (1996) asked professional translators to translate a text
containing cultural and geographical terms "orientation" metaphors. Cultural
metaphors relate concepts to other categories which culturebound (Speak in italics), while "guidance" metaphors occur when concepts are organized according to the most basic system of spatial orientation (I feel today). Its purpose was investigate whether the type of metaphor (cultural front "orientation") influences the cognitive processes involved in translating a text.
Based on cognitive theories, we hypothesized that as "orientation"
metaphors are based on semantic components that can be found
in different cultures, can be preserved in translation. She
all metaphors analyzed in terms of proposed and compared
with the analysis of metaphors translated. As was
thought, the resulting cultural metaphors like be
preserved in translation, compared to "guidance"
metaphors.
In their attempt design a translation method that can provide a systematic approach to the task of translation, Hervey and Higgins (1992: 22-24) reject the principle of equivalent effect and criticized as misleading and unhelpful for several reasons. First, measure the exact effect of ST is difficult and problematic. Second, This principle means that a translator is capable of knowing what effect the team in charge of its recipients.
These two problems indicate that the evaluation equivalent effect not be objective, because the translators have to substitute their own subjective interpretations of the effects of an ST has on its recipients and their audiences TT objective. Thirdly, the translation between two languages is a translation between two
different cultures, and thus, any effect of the ST and TT will never be the same. Finally, in the case of ST in writing in a relatively distant point in the past, although having equivalent effect goal is achievable, is not the problem of determining the effect ST so at your original hearing. There is also the question of whether to reproduce the effect of ST as it was in the audience as it is original or a modern audience SL. Any attempt to determine such effects, of course, purely speculative. In summary, the principle of equivalent effect is inherently vague and poses too many methodological problems so it can be applied in a
systematic study.
The more detailed a system, the harder it is to implement, and achieve intersubjective reliability. Most systems are based on the researcher's interpretation of propositional content. Secondly, the interpretation of data depends of the criteria by which a TT that some should be evaluated. As shown, cultural metaphors tend to be more easily stabilized, for example, through paraphrasing. However, this is a natural process due to the fact that cultural metaphors, instead of "orientation", are generally unrelated the language-independent semantic structures.
Therefore, to "survive" only after some kind of re-creation. The same
fact (leveling a metaphor), which could be interpreted as
error or as a useful strategy, depending on text, the audience
etc. A similar problem faced by describing the translation according to the information reproduced, as literally, paraphrasing
etc, as it has done Dillinger (1989). In this case, although there
promising work in systems that automatically extract information
content of the texts (Foltz, 1996; Rieger, 1988), a translation is good
not only because it shares the contents of ST. If it is not empirical
study of how the translation of various types that are produced, such
Tertius comparationis should be affected by researchers own
notions. In other words, this scientific approach is in danger of
reveal more about the views of the researcher on translation quality.
The problem of validity
Having presented and discussed some methodological problems
not a question of greater scope to deal with. This is the
question of validity. A measure is valid only if it really measures
what is supposed to measure. This is not an easy question when
comes to the quality of translation, since, as indicated at the top right there is no consensus about what it means. In the pedagogical approach, is to the assessor with experience to boost the quality of a work. In the scientific approach, a common strategy research is the definition of "quality" first, and then search the data. This is why House (2000) begins his section on the quality of translation stating that the assessment of quality of translation requires a theory of translation.
In my opinion, this is not very compelling. Firstly, for epistemological reasons, from a first-order theory based on empirical data always occurs before the second order, theoretical formulations (see, for TS, Königs, 1990). Data on the quality of translations in terms of text features could be of great interest in the investigation of fundamental questions about how these translations are produced.
An example is if Working memory is important to translate as it is for creative writing, which is known to influence production time and quality of the text (Ransdell & Levy, 1996). If the answer is positive (as it seems, cf. Rothe-Neves, 2002), this piece of information is useful to understand the translation under time pressure, a topic that has more to do with cognition only in the translation business. Then, it follows that we must be able to monitor quality of translation prior theorizing, or - as is known - in an independent form of the theory.
Secondly, it is not very convincing methodological reasons to
much of what was said earlier about using a system of interpretation that is not backed by real translations. Hervey and Higgins (1992) more practical to adopt the principle of the inevitable loss of translation, which means that all translation involves some degree of loss meaning. Consequently, the translator is not to seek the ideal or perfect translation, but to reduce the loss of translation.
To achieve this goal, the translator will have to decide "which of the relevant features in the ST is more important to preserve and
can legitimately be sacrificed in preserving them "(Hervey / Higgins 1992: 25). The concept of translation loss includes not only the loss ST inevitable textual features, but also the translation of "gain" or the addition of textual features that the TT
not present in the ST, and TT using words that have connotations that are not present in the ST. The translator's task as it moves to pursue an elusive final translationby trying to maximize the similarities between two different texts, in essence, the most
realistic task of reducing the loss minimizing translation differences between ST and TT.
According to Dickins, Hervey & Higgins (2002: 21-25), the loss of translation is not a loss translation, but the text effects, and since the effects can not be quantified, the loss can not be. You can, however, be monitored continuously asking if the loss of material or otherwise, in relation to the subject of translation.
Nida equivalent effect, these specific characteristics Identification of text and not to the effect of a whole text. Moreover, as is clear from the evidence above, the identification of the gender properties essential to determine the relevance of the text. There are also questions regarding the translation: its purpose, audience, time and place and its environment, the answer to what is the summary of the translation. This report can then be used to decide the strategy to be followed in the translation.
The information contained in writing together with the gender requirements may help reduce the subjectivity in determining
textual relevance.
According to discussed so far, the dispute may be raised if
scientific approach can meet the needs of research
translation quality. Probably, the problems stem from the fact
that, from theoretical linguistics, science is seen as
consisting in deductive reasoning. In fact, deductive reasoning is
very productive in science, but it helps especially when there is sufficient empirical knowledge support it. This is perhaps a good reason for us to return to a pre-scientific in the field of translation quality that is represented by the method assessment first presented above.
As discussed in the next section, there are methods
to extract information so subjective that it can be
statistically reliable. Therefore, we can improve the pedagogical
quality assessment in order to generate useful research, the first order
data. As the momentum in the TS seems to call for more empirical
work before start with generalizations, how can we meet
the question of validity as part of this motion pre-scientist? In order to
be consistent, it appears that the same source of information must
provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the questions
ie, we must be able to collect the data empirically justifiable
construct valid and reliable answers.
As mentioned, this study was out from the perspective that
Traditional methods do not use an independent
assessment could be improved by refining data collection
techniques. The choice here is to skip the subjectivity of the researcher to allow translations will be evaluated by others. These referees will be called external evaluators, as they are not involved in the research process are unaware of the hypotheses to investigate. There is a new road, by contrast, has proposed very long time ago by Nida and Taber (1982, p.170 et seq.) In the form of practical tests. " Nida and Taber proposed than normal readers, to whom the electronic translation, the translation should read and respond to the following standard forms (cloze test, the choice of alternatives, etc..) individual prejudices must be overcome, of course, through sampling techniques.
In my opinion, the assessment by external evaluators
has at least two advantages. First, does not require the use of
a researcher comparationis Tertius, translation either ideal or
analysis system. Second, if, contrary to Nida and Taber, the
external evaluators are professionals translation (translators,
translation teachers, etc.) that share similar contextual conditions with the translators who produced the TT should be assessed assessment data could be taken as a portrait of the quality criteria used at that time and place, provided that the subjective data are treated so as to form objective parameters capture the intersubjective arise.
Text analysis
According to Nord (1997), it does not matter which text-linguistic model is used in the analysis as including "a pragmatic analysis of communication situations involving and that the same model is used for both the source text and translation in short, with comparable results "(Nord 1997: 62). Munday (2001)
a summary of the following intra-textual factors listed by Nord (1991) as a possible model for the analysis of ST:
• matter;
• Content: in particular, connotations and cohesion;
• Budgets: real world factors of the communicative situation assumes that you know the participants;
• Composition: including microstructure and macro-structure;
• The non-verbal elements, illustrations, italic, etc;
• lexical: a dialect, register and specific terminology;
• sentence structure;
• Features suprasegmental, such as stress, rhythm and "punctuation style." (Munday 2001: 83)
Hervey and Higgins (1992) the model translation includes an outline of five filters or categories "through which the texts can be passed in a systematic attempt to determine its properties worth translation "(Hervey / Higgins 1992: 224). These categories are gender, cultural, formal, semantic filters, and variety shows. Analysis of the genus includes identifying the type of communication (oral or written), media, text type, subject to ST.
In other words, this filter includes Nord factors matter and composition. Although the analysis is non-verbal elements
explicit reference in Hervey and Higgins model, a gender review of the properties held in the main filter must take into account these elements. The cultural filter examines all the features of the ST that are unique to the culture of origin or native language and in translation may involve a degree of culture
transposition. This filter is referred to the appearance of budgets (1997) Nord model.
The semantics of the filter, which analyzes the textual features associated with literal and connotative meaning, includes content factor model Nord, while the formal characteristics of filter analysis in the inter-textual, speech, sentence level, grammatical prosodic and phonic / graphic text, covering the composition factors, the sentence
structure and suprasegmental features.
Finally, the variety of filter examines textual aspects of the dialect, sociolect, social register and tonal register that may be present in the ST, and this filter covers Nord lexical factor. It is clear that the elements identified by Nord in their model suggested linguistic analysis of texts included in Hervey and Higgins schema filters text. His scheme, however, ensures that ST analysis is performed systematically, without neglecting any textual property. They also provide categories more detailed than is mentioned in the North, which is very useful for translators when faced with the complexities of linguistic and textual features of a text.
Summary Translation
Translation is usually done on behalf of a client, which may called the initiator. The initiator of the translation needs to an end and the ideal (s) shall inform the translator for this purpose along with other details to help the translator TT producing necessary.
According to Nord (1997: 30), these pieces of information are called
Vermeer (1989) translation of the Commission by assignment of translation Kussmaul (1995), by Nord (1991) the instructions to translate, and Fraser (1996) abstract translation. Nord (1997) adopts the short term translation, as it best describes the type and function of the information that this term refers. The term "implicitly compares the translator with a lawyer who has received basic information and instructions, but is free (as the expert responsible) to carry out these instructions as they see fit "(Nord 1997: 30).
The written translation translator helps draw the profiles of ST and
TT necessary, and to decide from the outset what kind of translation is necessary. It includes (implicitly or explicitly) the following information:
• text input (the intention) (s)
• the target text recipient (s)
• time of (future) and the place of receipt of the text,
• the medium on which text will be transmitted, and
• the reason for the production or reception of the text. (Nord 1997: 60)
In other words, the translation summary does not purport to say that the translator that the translation strategy or type of choice, but to help you make these decisions. When experienced translators infer the purpose of a text translation of the situation, such as the translation of a technique in a TT ST technique, information inferred acts as an abstract translation and is called by Nord (1997: 31) "conventional assignment."
Library translation problems
Hervey and Higgins (1992) method, the translation is a top-down as the translator is obliged to ask several questions to determine the objectives and the properties of gender, age TT, the desired function (s) of the TT and all the information necessary to form strategic decisions before embarking on the translation.
These decisions are related to the determination of the relevance of text ST features textual analysis are identified in the ST segment. Depending on the translation and brief of the properties of gender, translator must decide which features are highly relevant textual
and must be retained in the TT.
In other words, strategic decisions determine the characteristics of ST in the TT will play, and if the methods of translation, partial or biased SL-TL. Consideration of gender requirements and information contained in the letter to the translator also helps in determining the methods for dealing with the problems of textual features Playback of ST, including omission, addition, compensation, paraphrasing, explanation, and so on.
Equivalence as criterion
The area of the criteria for evaluating the quality of translation is an academic, where a more experienced writer (a marker of a review translation or a professional translation reviewer) is directed to a less experienced reader (usually a candidate for a test or a junior professional translator) "(Munday, 2001:30). However, what has always been co-current and primary concern of all debates in translation studies is what should be considered as criterion for evaluating the quality of translation.
Not since the ancient dispute about issues "word for word" (literal) and the "sense-of-consciousness" (free) translation (ibid. :18-20), the history of translation theory has been the subject as "emerging again with varying degrees of emphasis, according to different concepts of language and communication "(Bassnett, 1991:42). Although there is no denying that the issue "What is a good translation?" should be "one of the most important questions to be asked in relation to the translation" (House Field, 2001:127), "[e] s is very difficult to say why, or even if, which is a good translation" (Halliday, 2001:14).
During translation studies, theorists have tried to answer this question "on the basis of a theory of translation criticism and translation "from various perspectives (House, 2001:127), and proposed, in addition to object binary pair, formal and dynamic equivalence (Nida, 1964), formal correspondence and textual equivalence (Catford, 1965), etc.
These dichotomies, despite their different perspectives, seem to focus on consensus in favor of "two basic orientations" (Nida, 1964:159) or types of translation, when "the central concept is the organization presumably the" equivalence " (Halliday, 2001:15). In the language of scholarship criteria-English translation, the concept of (translation) equivalence is "Central" but "controversial" (Kenny, 1998:77). According to Koller (1995:197) is "simply means a special relationship, which can be designated as the ratio the translation is apparent between the two texts, a source (primary) and again result. "
It Jakobson (1959/2000), who first referred to "the thorny problem of equivalence "(Munday, 2001:36) in the translation between the ST and TT. As a result of the relationship established by Saussure between the signifier (the spoken and written word of the sign) and signified (the concept of meaning), Jakobson (1959/2000) sees the "equivalence in difference" as " cardinal problem of language and the fundamental concern of linguistics "(p. 114), which has become a" moment of fame ... definition " a linguistic perspective and semiotics (Munday, 2001:37). To him, that the message is equivalent in the ST and TT units code will be different because they belong to two different sign systems (languages) that reality partition (Jakobson, 1959/2000: 114). In particular, briefly noted there is no full equivalence in translation intralingual a word through a synonym, and "in the level of interlingual translation usually no full equivalence between code units "(ibid.). This is because" languages differ essentially in what they have to pass and not which can convey "(p. 116).
Since Jakobson's seminal approach to the concept of equivalence, the issue has become a constant theme translation studies, especially in the early 1960 (Munday, 2001:37), and approaches to "radically different" (Kenny, 1998: 77): Some theoretical define translation in terms of relations of equivalence (Catford, 1965, Nida and Taber, 1969; Toury, 1980, Pym, 1992, 1995, Koller 1995), while others reject the theoretical notion of equivalence, saying it is irrelevant (Snell-Hornby, 1988) or negative (Gentzler, 1993) to translation studies.
However, other theorists follow a middle path: Baker [(1992:5-6)] uses the notion of equivalence "for the sake of convenience, because most translators are used to it and has no theoretical status. "(Kenny, 1998:77)
It is understandable that, although the concept has been blatantly marked by Nord as a static concept, results-oriented describing a relationship of "equal communicative value" between the two texts or, to a lesser extent, between words, phrases, sentences, syntax, and so on (In this context, "value" refers to the meaning, stylistic connotations or communicative effect) "(North, 1997:36), remains" in various considered a prerequisite for translation, an obstacle to progress in translation studies, or a useful category for describing translations "(Kenny, 1998:77).
So this explains why ad hoc approach and techniques for making "is still used in everyday language of translation" (Fawcett, 1997:65), even in log analysis application for evaluation of translation quality to be presented shortly.
TheTheory Register
In Halliday's functional theory (also called Australia) Language (Hyon, 1996), "analysts are not interested only language is, but why is language, which means not only that language, but does that mean that the language (Leckie-Stay, 1993:26). Halliday stresses the need for a look at the context in which a text is produced, while analyzing and / or interpret a text. Notes that the pressing question really here is "what type of situational factor is determined what type of selection in the linguistic system "(Halliday, 1978:32; in the original)?.
Context here is related to the context of the situation and context of culture, which "get" in "text that influence the words and structures the text-producers use "(Eggins and Martin, 1997:232). While the former refers to the register variables field, tenor and mode, the latter described in terms of gender.
Firth and Halliday
The term "register" for the first time in the generalization the decade of 1960 (Leckie-Stay, 1993:28). After the initial use of Reid, that in 1956, Ure and development in the early 1960 (ibid.), Halliday et al. (1964:77) describe it as "a great deal to the use, in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and chooses between them at different times." Use this framework related to the description of linguistic variation (in contrast to user-related varieties called dialects) (Hatim and Mason, 1990:39) aims "to discover the general principles governing [the variation in the types of situation], so we can begin to understand what factors situational determine which linguistic features "(Halliday, 1978:32).
De Beaugrande (1993:7), shows his sympathy for the concept record when he laments: "Throughout much of linguistic theory and method, the concept of" record "has led an existence rather bleak. "The term was the appearance of such fundamental works as de Saussure, Sapir and Bloomfield. This absence is explained by the fact that" it is difficult to define "the term as a unit of language (No abstract) that could be" comparable, say, the "system" of "phonemes" of a language, or his "system" noun declensions or verb conjugations, and so on "(ibid.).
Based on Equivalences records
Following Halliday's linguistics, especially the Australian tradition of genre and register theory (see Ghadessy, 1993 Hyon, 1996), theorists focus on themselves (offering) ways to address translation equivalence in terms of functional perspectives. Among these, Newmark, Marco, Home, teamworkers Hatim and Mason and Baker deserve a mention here.
Newmark is fascinated with the seminal work of Halliday () 1994, Introduction to Functional Grammar, especially the chapter on equivalent representations of modes of metaphorical expressions (Ie, "Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression.") Here, Halliday supplies good examples that illustrate how decisions are taken to represent metaphors. Newmark (1991) recommends this chapter too, saying that "could form a useful part of any training English translator, where the language of origin or destination "(p. 68).
Then comes Marco (2001), contributing to record-level analysis Evaluation of quality of translation specifically to justify the use of log analysis in literary translation. Indicates that a tool provides the necessary link between a communicative act and the context of the situation in which it occurs "(p. 1). For him, the record of analysis is" the framework proposed broad characterization of context "and has the advantage of" provid [ing] a very limited number of variables on the basis of which can be any defined context "(ibid.).
Like Marco, teamworkers Hatim and Mason (1990, 1997) also use the log analysis as part of their general into account the context in translation. Despite his claim that there are other contextual factors, ie, pragmatic and semiotic, which went beyond the record, still assuming that the identification of the members register of a text is an essential part of discourse processing, but involves the reader in a reconstruction of the context through an analysis of what has taken place (field), who has participated (tenor), and what medium has been selected to deliver the message (so).
Together, the three variables set in communicative transaction that provide the basic conditions for communication to take place. (Hatim and Mason, 1990:55; in original)
Also noteworthy in the application of log analysis for Translation Studies practice are the House (1981, 1997) and Baker (1992) that not only adopt the model of Halliday log analysis but also to develop criteria by which substantial both ST and TT can be compared systematically. House (1981) rejects the "target audience more fitness-oriented notion of translation" as "too general and elusive "and" fundamentally flawed "(p.1-2). Instead, he advocates a semantic and pragmatic approach.
Central for discussion is the concept of "open" and translations "hidden." In an open translation as a political speech, House said, TT the public does not directly and therefore there is no need to try to recreate a "second original" as a translation says "openly Must be a translation "(ibid.: 189). By covert translation, on the contrary, it means the production of a text, for example, a report science, which is functionally equivalent to the ST, which "is not specifically addressed to a TC (target culture) groups" (ibid.: 194). So Significantly, House claims that ST and TT should match one another in function, the function which is characterized in terms of the dimensions of the situation of ST (ibid.: 49).
Based on log analysis model Halliday proposes what she calls "the basic requirement for the equivalence of ST and TT "and states that" a TT, to be equivalent to the ST, you should have a function, which consists of an ideational and an interpersonal functional component which is equivalent to the function of the ST "(House, 1981: Summary). To measure the degree to which the ideational and textual functions of the TT are equivalent to those of ST cases House develops a model (see Figure 1) as the framework for the systematic comparison of the texts "profile" of the ST and TT (1997:43), both in terms of functions in question. This scheme, in spite of "draw [r] in diverse and complex taxonomy sometimes" (Munday, 2001:92), can be reduced to an analysis log of ST and TT in accordance with its realization through lexical, syntactic and means "text."
In the last legislature, House (1997:44-45) refers to:
(1) the issue of dynamic (ie, the thematic structure and cohesion)
(2) the clausal linkage (Ie, additive, adversative, etc.)
(3) the iconic linkage (ie, the parallel structures).
Baker, on the other , although the term equivalence "for the sake of convenience" (1992:5) extends the concept to cover the similarities in both the ST and the information flow TT, and the functions of ST and TT cohesion devices play in their respective texts, both collectively called "textual equivalence." It also examines equivalent to a number of levels: in the word over the word, grammatical, and pragmatic levels (Baker, 1992).
As a model home is concerned, although it appears to be much more flexible than Catford, which raises questions sill if the model is able to recover the author's intent and function ST log analysis (Gutt, 1991:46-49). Even if possible, it was claimed, also the basis of the model home is research, "mismatches" between ST and TT (ibid.). As part of Baker, obviously, new adjectives assigned to the notion of equivalence (grammatical, pragmatic, textual, etc.), which added to the many recent works in this field.
Importantly, to meet the linguistic and the communicative approach, offers a fresh and ready more detailed description of conditions that can be defined the concept of equivalence. Unfortunately, however, does not provide a checklist against which operatable the degree of equivalence can be established at different ranges is proposed. With regard to studies of Hatim and Mason, "It remains its focus on linguistics, both in terminology and in the phenomena investigated (lexical choice, cohesion, transitivity, the style of change, mediation, translation, etc) " (Munday, 2001:102).
SIMANTIC FILTER
Textual analysis at the semantic level reveals that the gender of the function medical articles exhibited significant instances of denotative and connotative meaning. The denotative meaning is the most significant technical meaning. Gender analysis shows that excessive use of technical terms in popular science discouraged, but the terms can not be avoided completely.
Moreover, publications differ in the use of technical terms:
some, such as Scientific American, allow them heavy dosage of National Geographic, for example. It is worth noting here that these differences indicate a subtle connotation which means that the technical terms in science express popular: the more you use, the most exclusive of the publication is, which in turn reflect on their situation in comparison with other publications.
In addition, the style options with respect to technical terms, such as the use of borrowed or indigenous forms of speech, academic or popular, a complete form of a term or its abbreviation, all have a connotative meaning that reflected in the publication, the author and the reader expected. These considerations also must be weighed by the translator when dealing with the technical problem
terms.
From the point of view of the translator, the Technical terms pose three main problems: lexical, conceptual and stylistic. According to Dickins, Hervey & Higgins (2002: 184-185), the lexical problems There are three types:
(1) the technical terms that are unknown to the translator, since it is not usually used in everyday language, and therefore require expertise to understand and correctly represent the TL;
(2) all on familiar terms that are used in a way specialized and
(3) family terms
that, although its use is specialized, it also makes sense a way that is not manifestly incorrect in the context, which is a risk of not being recognized by the translator. Types 2 and 3 are also called sub-technical terms by Trimble (1985: 129).
FORMAL filter
The filter includes the following official levels identified by (Dickins, Hervey and Higgins2002: 79): the phonic / graphic, prosodic, discourse grammar, sentence, and intertextual. Since the filter requires a formal analysis detailing all of the sentences and paragraphs in the text.
VARIEATAL filter
The most important variable to be discussed in relation to varieties PSFAs filter is registered. Variation in the Register on the technical terms and gender and have been discussed above.
As for the social register, popular science articles are characterized by a neutral style, which is successfully reproduced in the TT. Production tone register in the TT, however, involves an inevitable loss of translation and unnecessary loss. PSFAs in general tend to be less formal than scholarly articles in scientific journals and technical terms or complex or unfamiliar concepts are explained. Because of a formality inherent in Arabic standard translation loss is inevitable at this level.
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About the Author
MA STUDENT OF FARS SCIENCE AND RESEARCH UNIVERSITY,SHIRAZ, IRAN.
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